The Classic: Report of the Committee on Suits for Malpractice

This Classic Article is a reprint of the original work by E. F. Sanger, Report of the Committee on Suits for Malpractice. An accompanying biographical sketch of E. F. Sanger, AM, MD, is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-008-0640-6. The Classic Article is ©1879 and is reprinted with courtesy from Sanger EF. Report of the Committee on Suits for Malpractice. Trans Maine Med Assoc.1879;6:1–22

Properties of a cell line from human adenocarcinoma of the rectum.

A new, highly differentiated line of cells derived from adenocarcinoma of the rectum (HT55) is described. This line is noteworthy for the following features: 1. The role played in its development by the use of UV-inactivated Sendai virus to attach tumour cell clumps to plastic bottles. 2. Evidence that it produces RNA-containing material of density 1-5--1-16 g/ml. 3. Induction of bone formation in the stroma when grown in athymic mice. 4. Stimulation of primary CBA mouse embryo fibroblasts to form a transient nodule when mixed with them and injected into adult CBA mice. The karyotype and growth-cycle characteristics of the line are described

Certification of damage tolerant composite structure

A reliability based certification testing methodology for impact damage tolerant composite structure was developed. Cocured, adhesively bonded, and impact damaged composite static strength and fatigue life data were statistically analyzed to determine the influence of test parameters on the data scatter. The impact damage resistance and damage tolerance of various structural configurations were characterized through the analysis of an industry wide database of impact test results. Realistic impact damage certification requirements were proposed based on actual fleet aircraft data. The capabilities of available impact damage analysis methods were determined through correlation with experimental data. Probabilistic methods were developed to estimate the reliability of impact damaged composite structures

An assessment of the effects of neurokinin₁ receptor antagonism against nausea and vomiting: Relative efficacy, sites of action and lessons for future drug development.

A ‘broad-spectrum’ anti-vomiting effect of neurokinin1 receptor antagonists (NK1RA), shown in preclinical animal studies, has been supported by a more limited range of clinical studies in different indications. However, this review suggests that compared with vomiting, the self-reported sensation of nausea is less affected or possibly unaffected (depending on the stimulus) by NK1 receptor antagonism, a common finding for ‘anti-emetics’. The stimulus-independent effects of NK1RAs against vomiting are explicable by actions within the central pattern generator (CPG; ventral brainstem) and the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS; dorsal brainstem), with additional effects on vagal afferent activity for certain stimuli (e.g., highly emetogenic chemotherapy). The CPG and NTS neurones are multifunctional so the notable lack of obvious effects of NK1RAs on other reflexes mediated by the same neurones suggests that their anti-vomiting action is dependent on the activation state of the pathway leading to vomiting. Nausea requires activation of cerebral pathways by projection of information from the NTS. Although NK1 receptors are present in cerebral nuclei implicated in nausea, and imaging studies show very high receptor occupancy at clinically used doses, the variable or limited ability of NK1RAs to inhibit nausea emphasises (a) our inadequate understanding of the mechanisms of nausea and (b) that classification of a drug as an “anti-emetic” may give a false impression of efficacy against nausea versus vomiting. We discuss the potential mechanisms for the differential efficacy of NK1RA and the implications for future development of drugs which can effectively treat nausea, an area of unmet clinical need

Design and performance of a fixed, nonaccelerating, guide vane cascade that operates over an inlet flow angle range of 60 deg

A unique set of wind tunnel guide vanes are designed with an inverse design code and analyzed with a panel method and an integral boundary layer code developed at the NASA Lewis Research Center. The fixed guide vanes, 80 feet long with 6-foot chord length, were designed for the NASA Ames 40 x 80/80 x 120 ft Wind Tunnel. Low subsonic flow is accepted over a 60 deg range of inlet angle from either the 40 x 80 leg or the 80 x 120 leg of the wind tunnel, and directed axially into the main leg of the tunnel where drive fans are located. Experimental tests of 1/10-scale models were conducted to verify design calculations

Kajian Perubahan Mutu Kesegaran Ikan Tongkol (Euthynnus Affinis) Yang Direndam Dalam Ekstrak Rumput Laut (Eucheuma Spinosum) Dan Ekstrak Buah Bakau (Sonneratia Alba)

The research has been done to know the influence of seaweed extract (Eucheuma spinosum) and mangrove fruit extract (Sonneratia alba) as antibacterial in preserving tongkol fish. Seaweed (Eucheuma spinosum) and mangrove fruit (Sonneratia alba) were refined, filtered, and dissolved into sterile aquades. Fresh tongkol fish soaked in that extract added ice to maintain the temperature not more than 5 celsius degree. Observation was done to chemistry characteristic (pH), there was microbe pollution (ALT) and sensory characteristic and hedonic of tongkol fish produced by using score test. The result of observation to the sensory value and hedonic of tongkol fish which soaked in each extract give very real influence. On the other side, treatment of soak in extract did not give real influence to pH and microbe pollution (ALT).Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari ekstrak rumput laut Eucheuma spinosum dan ekstrak buah bakau Sonneratia alba sebagai antibakteri dalam mengawetkan ikan tongkol. Rumput laut Eucheuma spinosum dan buah bakau Sonneratia alba dihaluskan, disaring dan dilarutkan ke dalam aquades steril. Ikan tongkol segar direndam dalam ekstrak tersebut sambil diberi es dengan mempertahankan suhu agar tidak lebih dari 5ºC. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap sifat kimia (pH), adanya cemaran mikroba (ALT) dan sifat sensori dan hedonik ikan tongkol yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan uji skor. Hasil pengamatan terhadap nilai sensori dan hedonik ikan tongkol yang direndam dalam masing-masing ekstrak memberikan pengaruh yang sangat nyata. Sebaliknya perlakuan perendaman dalam ekstrak tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap pH dan cemaran mikroba (ALT)

Out of plane analysis for composite structures

Simple two dimensional analysis techniques were developed to aid in the design of strong joints for integrally stiffened/bonded composite structures subjected to out of plane loads. It was found that most out of plane failures were due to induced stresses arising from rapid changes in load path direction or geometry, induced stresses due to changes in geometry caused by buckling, or direct stresses produced by fuel pressure or bearing loads. While the analysis techniques were developed to address a great variety of out of plane loading conditions, they were primarily derived to address the conditions described above. The methods were developed and verified using existing element test data. The methods were demonstrated using the data from a test failure of a high strain wingbox that was designed, built, and tested under a previous program. Subsequently, a set of design guidelines were assembled to assist in the design of safe, strong integral composite structures using the analysis techniques developed

Optimal pooling for genome re-sequencing with ultra-high-throughput short-read technologies

New generation sequencing technologies offer unique opportunities and challenges for re-sequencing studies. In this article, we focus on re-sequencing experiments using the Solexa technology, based on bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, and address an experimental design problem. In these specific experiments, approximate coordinates of the BACs on a reference genome are known, and fine-scale differences between the BAC sequences and the reference are of interest. The high-throughput characteristics of the sequencing technology makes it possible to multiplex BAC sequencing experiments by pooling BACs for a cost-effective operation. However, the way BACs are pooled in such re-sequencing experiments has an effect on the downstream analysis of the generated data, mostly due to subsequences common to multiple BACs. The experimental design strategy we develop in this article offers combinatorial solutions based on approximation algorithms for the well-known max n-cut problem and the related max n-section problem on hypergraphs. Our algorithms, when applied to a number of sample cases give more than a 2-fold performance improvement over random partitioning

Reversal of Pathogen-Induced Barrier Defects in Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Contra-pathogenicity Agents.

“This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of a protocol published in Digestive Diseases and Sciences The final publication is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06121-9"BACKGROUND: Environmental enteropathy (EE) is associated with stunting, impairment of responses to oral vaccines, and other adverse health consequences in young children throughout the developing world. EE is characterized by chronic low-grade intestinal inflammation and disrupted epithelial barrier integrity, partly resulting from dysregulation of tight junction proteins, observed in other enteropathies such as celiac disease. During EE, this dysregulation of tight junction expression amplifies translocation of pathogenic bacteria across the intestinal mucosa. AIMS: The aim was to determine whether enteropathogen-mediated epithelial barrier failure can be ameliorated using contra-pathogenicity therapies. METHODS: Intestinal epithelial barrier damage was assessed in Caco-2 cells incubated with three important enteropathogens identified in EE patients: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium), and Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum). Potential therapeutic molecules were tested to detect effects on transepithelial resistance (TER), bacterial translocation (BT), claudin-4 expression, and regulation of the inflammatory cytokine response. RESULTS: All three enteropathogens compared to uninfected cells, reduced TER (EPEC; p < 0.0001, C. rodentium; p < 0.0001, C. parvum; p < 0.0007), reduced claudin-4 expression, and permitted BT (EPEC; p < 0.0001, C. rodentium; p < 0.0001, C. parvum; p < 0.0003) through the monolayer. Zinc, colostrum, epidermal growth factor, trefoil factor 3, resistin-like molecule-β, hydrocortisone, and the myosin light chain kinase inhibitor ML7 (Hexahydro-1-[(5-iodo-1-naphthalenyl)sulfonyl]-1H-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride); ML7) improved TER (up to 70%) and decreased BT (as much as 96%). Only zinc demonstrated modest antimicrobial activity. CONCLUSION: The enteropathogens impaired intestinal-epithelial barrier integrity with dysregulation of claudin-4 and increased bacterial translocation. Enteropathogen-mediated damage was reduced using contra-pathogenicity agents which mitigated the effects of pathogens without direct antimicrobial activity